Bolt, W., Demertzis, M., Diks, C., Hommes, C. and van der Leij, M. (2019). Identifying booms and busts in house prices under heterogeneous expectations Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 103:234--259.

We introduce heterogeneous expectations in a standard housing market model linking housing rental levels to fundamental buying prices. Using quarterly data we estimate the model parameters for eight different countries. We find that the data support heterogeneity in expectations, with temporary endogenous switching between fundamental mean-reverting and trend-following beliefs based on their relative performance. For all countries we identify temporary, long lasting house price bubbles amplified by trend extrapolation and crashes reinforced by mean-reverting expectations. The average market sentiment may be used as an early warning signal of a (temporary) bubble regime. The qualitative predictions of such non-linear models are very different from standard linear benchmarks with important policy implications. The fundamental price becomes unstable when the interest rate is set too low or mortgage tax deductions are too high, giving rise to multiple non-fundamental equilibria and/or global instability.