Duell, D., Lindeboom, M., Koolman, X. and Portrait, F. (2019). Practice variation in long-term care access and use: The role of the ability to pay Health Economics, 28(11):1277--1292.

Practice variation in publicly financed long-term care (LTC) may be inefficient and inequitable, similarly to practice variation in the health care sector. Although most OECD countries spend an increasing share of their gross domestic product on LTC, it has received comparatively little attention to date compared with the health care sector. This paper contributes to the literature by assessing and comparing regional practice variation in both access to and use of institutional LTC and investigating its relation with income and out-of-pocket payment. For this, we have access to unique individual-level data covering the entire Dutch population. Even though we found practice variation in the use of LTC once access was granted, the variation between regions was still relatively small compared with international standards. In addition, we showed how a co-payment measure could be used to reduce practice variation across care office regions and income classes making the LTC system not only more efficient but also more equitable.