Jbaily, A., Haakenstad, A., Kiros, M., Riumallo Herl, C.(. and Verguet, S. (2021). Examining the density in out-of-pocket spending share in the estimation of catastrophic health expenditures The European Journal Of Health Economics, 23(5):903--912.

Universal health coverage (UHC) aims to provide access to health services for all without financial hardship. Moving toward UHC while ensuring financial risk protection (FRP) from out-of-pocket (OOP) health expenditures is a critical objective of the Sustainable Development Goal for Health. In tracking country progress toward UHC, analysts and policymakers usually report on two summary indicators of lack of FRP: the prevalence of catastrophic health expenditures (CHE) and the prevalence of impoverishing health expenditures. In this paper, we build on the CHE indicator: we examine the distribution (density) of health OOP budget share as a way to capture both the magnitude and dispersion in the ratio of households{\textquoteright} OOP health expenditures relative to consumption or income at the population level. We illustrate our approach with country-specific examples using data from the World Health Organization{\textquoteright}s World Health Surveys.