Kleibergen, F. and Zhan, Z. (2015). Unexplained factors and their effects on second pass R-squared’s Journal of Econometrics, 189(1):101--116.

We construct the large sample distributions of the OLS and GLS R2R2{\textquoteright}s of the second pass regression of the Fama and MacBeth (1973) two pass procedure when the observed proxy factors are minorly correlated with the true unobserved factors. This implies an unexplained factor structure in the first pass residuals and, consequently, a large estimation error in the estimated beta{\textquoteright}s which is spanned by the beta{\textquoteright}s of the unexplained true factors. The average portfolio returns and the estimation error of the estimated beta{\textquoteright}s are then both linear in the beta{\textquoteright}s of the unobserved true factors which leads to possibly large values of the OLS R2R2 of the second pass regression. These large values of the OLS R2R2 are not indicative of the strength of the relationship. Our results question many empirical findings that concern the relationship between expected portfolio returns and (macro-) economic factors.