Verhoef, E. (2005). Second-best congestion pricing schemes in the monocentric city Journal of Urban Economics, 58(3):367--388.

This paper considers second-best congestion pricing in the monocentric city, with endogenous residential density and endogenous labour supply. A spatial general equilibrium model is developed that allows consideration of the three-way interactions between urban density, traffic congestion and labour supply. Congestion pricing schemes are analysed that are second-best 'by design' (and not because distortions exist elsewhere in the spatial economy), like cordon charging and flat kilometre charges. Both for Cobb-Douglas utility and for CES utility, the analyses suggest that the relative welfare losses from second-best pricing, compared to first-best pricing, are surprisingly small. {\textcopyright} 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.